At the end of March, as spring began to crawl into
the High Country, the radio transmissions from the
collar fitted on a female wolf stopped moving. The stagnant
signal emitted from a spot in western Colorado, and
when state and federal wildlife investigators descended, they
found her dead body. Her epic journey across some of the West’s
wildest lands had come to an end in a state where native wolf
populations had been decimated some 70 years before.
Authorities aren’t saying what killed the two-year-old wolf
or whether foul play was involved. Until a necropsy and an investigation
are complete, they won’t even say exactly where they
found her. While her death remains a mystery, though, her travels
in the months before are unusually well known. They were
tracked by satellites that followed her every step and remain
recorded on a tiny computer within her GPS collar.
Last September, Wolf 341F embarked on a journey that carried
her over 1,000 miles in a meandering trek from southern
Montana to Colorado. She traveled solo across some of the
West’s most-lonesome territory. She traversed Yellowstone
National Park and trekked across western Wyoming, following
the spine of the Rockies through the Bridger-Teton National
Forest. She roamed across Wyoming’s natural gas fields
into the corner where southeastern Idaho meets northeastern
Utah, then on into western Colorado, crossing from high desert
to the mountains until she reached the wild country north of
Vail’s tamed ski slopes.
The journey carried her 450 miles in a straight line from home
before she turned around, roamed back into Wyoming, then
doubled back into Colorado, where her travels ended.
Wildlife officials downplay the crossing as nothing unusual. “They
cover a lot of ground. Wolves always did that,” said Ed Bangs, gray
wolf recovery coordinator for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Biologists call this footloose activity “dispersing.” It’s a behavior
that helps form new packs. Wolves can travel 20 to 30
miles a day, and since 1992, about 10 wolves have been documented
traveling over 190 miles. Since most wolves don’t wear
collars, the actual number may be much higher. Still, it’s rare
for them to stray more than 60 miles.
What was so captivating about Wolf 341F wasn’t the distance,
though. It was the destination. Wolf populations were wiped
out of Colorado in the late 1930s, part of the destruction of the
wildness of the West to make it safe for cattle and sheep. The
last record of a native wolf killed in Colorado was in 1943. For
wolf advocates, who long to see wolves return to their native
territory, the journey gave them cause to dream.
“This adventurous wolf sparked Colorado’s imagination.
She made us think about what Colorado is missing without
its wolves,” said Gary Wockner, a former member of the
Colorado Wolf Working Group. The diverse gathering of ranchers,
environmentalists and others got together to determine
how to handle wolves if they wandered into the state. Their decision: If they’re not harming people
or livestock, leave them alone.
Wolf 341F came in search of a mate.
Plenty of mountain girls can relate.
Dissatisfied with the prospects
in her own pack, she went elsewhere,
not knowing her travels had carried her into territory where
wolves had long since vanished.
Other wolves have made similar journeys. Wolves have
wandered before into Utah and South Dakota. They’ve appeared
in Colorado before, too. The last confirmed wolf in the
state wandered from a Yellowstone pack in June 2004. Another
young female fitted with a radio collar, she was killed by a passing
vehicle on Interstate 70 near Idaho Springs. Three years
later, video footage captured what appeared to be a wolf near
Walden, in northern Colorado. Numerous more unconfirmed
reports come in each year to the state’s Division of Wildlife. It’s
anybody’s guess how many of these are dogs, coyotes, hybrids or
how many may be the real thing.
Wolf 341F was born in the spring of 2007 to the
Mill Creek pack, formed seven years earlier between
the towns of Gardiner and Livingston, Mont., amid
the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, just north of the
park boundary. Last July, Montana wildlife officials fitted her with
a GPS collar, part of a research program with the University of
Montana to improve wolf monitoring techniques. A photo taken that day shows her lying in a patch of grass and wildflowers,
knocked out by anesthesia, the bulky collar looking oddly mechanical
on her 68-pound canine body. Like a James Bond gadget,
it was fitted with an electrical charge designed to blow the collar
off her body after two years, if she didn’t die first, allowing biologists
to track it down and download the data.
When she came to, said Carolyn Sime, wolf program coordinator
for Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks, she trotted off into
the forest before another photo could be taken. “If I ever lose my
awe and my respect for wild animals and
what they can do, that’s the day I should
quit,” Sime said.
In September, Wolf 341F left home,
and while biologists tracked her movements,
the political landscape around her
was changing. In the waning days of the
Bush administration, Western gray wolves
like her were taken off the endangered species
list. In President Obama’s first day in
office, his administration suspended that
move, only to reinstate it later, except in Wyoming, where state
and federal officials have been at odds over measures to protect
an animal Wyoming ranchers still see as the enemy. Despite environmentalists’
insistence that the wolf populations were still
too small and threatened to be inbred, the Interior Department
declared wolves aren’t endangered in the West anymore.
Endangered or not, Wolf 341F set out on her long journey. It gave wolf advocates hope that, in the absence of a wolf reintroduction
plan in Colorado, wolves may find a way to come back on their
own, just as they started to do in Montana 25 years earlier.
“I wouldn’t be surprised to see wolf pups in the state within
five years,” said Michael Robinson, conservation advocate for the
Center for Biological Diversity and a longtime wolf advocate.
Wolves had wandered across the Canadian border years
before any reintroduction efforts began. By 1986, the first den
was documented on the U.S. side of the border. Within a few
years, packs were lingering in Montana.
It would be nine more years before the
federal government released wolves into
Yellowstone and central Idaho.
Wolf 341F’s untimely death was
no surprise. Long-wandering wolves
usually have short lifespans. While we
don’t know what killed her, we know
the usual culprits walk on two legs.
While she lived, though, Wolf 341F gave
hope that a bit of the wild that’s been
taken out of wilderness could rebound on its own. It may
still be worth listening on moonlit nights for a howl across
the mountains in a land where wolves, once commonplace,
have disappeared.
David Frey writes in Glenwood Springs, Colo. Read him at
www.davidfrey.me.